For example, QR codes or quick response codes are popping up in magazines, at airports, and even on t-shirts. Many people may notice them but not know what they do. An informative speaker could teach audience members about QR codes by defining them based on their use or function. A speaker can also define a topic using examples, which are cited cases that are representative of a larger concept.
Etymology refers to the history of a word. Defining by etymology entails providing an overview of how a word came to its current meaning. The Oxford English Dictionary is the best source for finding etymology and often contains interesting facts that can be presented as novel information to better engage your audience. The current meaning emerged during the Crusades as a result of the practices of a sect of Muslims who would get high on hashish before killing Christian leaders—in essence, assassinating them.
Description is also an important part of informative speeches that use a spatial organizational pattern, since you need to convey the layout of a space or concept. Good descriptions are based on good observations, as they convey what is taken in through the senses and answer these type of questions: What did that look like? Smell like?
Sound like? Feel like? Taste like? If descriptions are vivid and well written, they can actually invoke a sensory reaction in your audience. Just as your mouth probably begins to salivate when I suggest that you imagine biting into a fresh, bright yellow, freshly cut, juicy lemon wedge, so can your audience be transported to a setting or situation through your descriptions.
You look up to see a parade of hundreds upon hundreds of your naked peers jogging by wearing little more than shoes. When informing through demonstration Informing by giving verbal directions about how to do something while also physically demonstrating the steps. Tasks suddenly become much more difficult than we expect when we have an audience. Have you ever had to type while people are reading along with you?
Even though we type all the time, even one extra set of eyes seems to make our fingers more clumsy than usual. Television chefs are excellent examples of speakers who frequently inform through demonstration. While many of them make the process of speaking while cooking look effortless, it took much practice over many years to make viewers think it is effortless. Television chefs inform through demonstration. Although they make it seem easy, it is complex and difficult.
Part of this practice also involves meeting time limits. Since television segments are limited and chefs may be demonstrating and speaking live, they have to be able to adapt as needed. Be prepared to condense or edit as needed to meet your time limit.
The reality competition show The Next Food Network Star captures these difficulties, as many experienced cooks who have the content knowledge and know how to physically complete their tasks fall apart when faced with a camera challenge because they just assumed they could speak and cook at the same time.
Tips for Demonstration Speeches. Informing through explanation Informing by sharing how something works, how something came to be, or why something happened. This method of informing may be useful when a topic is too complex or abstract to demonstrate. When presenting complex information make sure to break the topic up into manageable units, avoid information overload, and include examples that make the content relevant to the audience.
Informing through explanation works well with speeches about processes, events, and issues. For example, a speaker could explain the context surrounding the Lincoln-Douglas debates or the process that takes place during presidential primaries.
Over the past few years, I have heard more and more public speaking teachers mention their use of TED speeches in their classes. What started in as a conference to gather people involved in Technology, Entertainment, and Design has now turned into a worldwide phenomenon that is known for its excellent speeches and presentations, many of which are informative in nature.
Here are links to all these speeches:. There are several challenges to overcome to be an effective informative speaker. They include avoiding persuasion, avoiding information overload, and engaging your audience.
Most persuasive speeches rely on some degree of informing to substantiate the reasoning. Figure Speakers can look to three areas to help determine if their speech is more informative or persuasive: speaker purpose, function of information, and audience perception.
Second, information should function to clarify and explain in an informative speech. The audience must perceive that the information being presented is not controversial or disputed, which will lead audience members to view the information as factual. The audience must also accept the speaker as a credible source of information.
Last, an audience must perceive the speaker to be trustworthy and not have a hidden agenda. Avoiding persuasion is a common challenge for informative speakers, but it is something to consider, as violating the speaking occasion may be perceived as unethical by the audience.
Many informative speakers have a tendency to pack a ten-minute speech with as much information as possible. This can result in information overload A barrier to effective listening that occurs when a speech contains more information than audience members can process. In speaking, being a discerning editor is useful because it helps avoid information overload.
Audience members cannot conduct their own review while listening to a speaker live. Therefore competent speakers, especially informative speakers who are trying to teach their audience something, should adapt their message to a listening audience. To help avoid information overload, adapt your message to make it more listenable.
Although the results vary, research shows that people only remember a portion of a message days or even hours after receiving it. Information overload is a barrier to effective listening, and as good speakers, we should be aware of the limitations of listening and compensate for that in our speech preparation and presentation.
I recommend that my students follow a guideline that suggests spending no more than 30 percent of your speech introducing new material and 70 percent of your speech repackaging that information. I specifically use the word repackaging and not repeating. Simply repeating the same information would also be a barrier to effective listening, since people would just get bored.
Repackaging will help ensure that your audience retains most of the key information in the speech. Avoiding information overload requires a speaker to be a good translator of information. To be a good translator, you can compare an unfamiliar concept with something familiar, give examples from real life, connect your information to current events or popular culture, or supplement supporting material like statistics with related translations of that information.
These are just some of the strategies a good speaker can use. While translating information is important for any oral presentation, it is especially important when conveying technical information.
The scientists and experts featured on the show are masters of translating technical information, like physics, into concrete examples that most people can relate to based on their everyday experiences. Comparing the turbulent formation of the solar system to the collisions of bumper bars and spinning rides at an amusement park makes the content more concrete. Following the guidelines established in Chapter 9 "Preparing a Speech" for organizing a speech can also help a speaker avoid information overload.
Good speakers build in repetition and redundancy to make their content more memorable and their speech more consumable. As a speaker, you are competing for the attention of your audience against other internal and external stimuli. Getting an audience engaged and then keeping their attention is a challenge for any speaker, but it can be especially difficult when speaking to inform.
As was discussed earlier, once you are in the professional world, you will most likely be speaking informatively about topics related to your experience and expertise. Some speakers fall into the trap of thinking that their content knowledge is enough to sustain them through an informative speech or that their position in an organization means that an audience will listen to them and appreciate their information despite their delivery.
Content expertise is not enough to be an effective speaker. A person must also have speaking expertise. Effective speakers, even renowned experts, must still translate their wealth of content knowledge into information that is suited for oral transmission, audience centered, and well organized. Having well-researched and organized supporting material is an important part of effective informative speaking, but having good content is not enough. Audience members are more likely to stay engaged with a speaker they view as credible.
So complementing good supporting material with a practiced and fluent delivery increases credibility and audience engagement. In addition, as we discussed earlier, good informative speakers act as translators of information.
Repackaging information into concrete familiar examples is also a strategy for making your speech more engaging.
Understanding relies on being able to apply incoming information to life experiences. Repackaging information is also a good way to appeal to different learning styles, as you can present the same content in various ways, which helps reiterate a point.
While this strategy is useful with any speech, since the goal of informing is teaching, it makes sense to include a focus on learning within your audience adaptation. There are three main learning styles How individuals effectively receive and process information, including visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. Visual learners respond well to information presented via visual aids, so repackage information using text, graphics, charts and other media.
Public speaking is a good way to present information for auditory learners who process information well when they hear it. You can also have an interactive review activity at the end of a speech, much like many teachers incorporate an activity after a lesson to reinforce the material. People who work in technical fields, like engineers and information technology professionals, often think they will be spared the task of public speaking.
I actually taught a public speaking class for engineering students, and they basically had to deliver speeches about the things they were working on in a way that I could understand. I ended up learning a lot more about jet propulsion and hybrid car engines than I ever expected!
Have you ever been completely lost when reading an instruction manual for some new product you purchased? Have you ever had difficulty following the instructions of someone who was trying to help you with a technical matter? There are many careers where technical speaking skills are needed.
According to the Society for Technical Communication, communicating about specialized or technical topics, communicating by using technology, and providing instructions about how to do something are all examples of technical speaking. People with technical speaking skills offer much to organizations and businesses. They help make information more useable and accessible to customers, clients, and employees.
They can help reduce costs to a business by reducing unnecessary work that results from misunderstandings of instructions, by providing clear information that allows customers to use products without training or technical support and by making general information put out by a company more user friendly.
Technical speakers are dedicated to producing messages that are concise, clear, and coherent. Such skills are used in the following careers: technical writers and editors, technical illustrators, visual designers, web designers, customer service representatives, salespeople, spokespeople, and many more.
Title: Going Green in the World of Education. General purpose: To inform. Specific purpose: By the end of my speech, the audience will be able to describe some ways in which schools are going green. Thesis statement: The green movement has transformed school buildings, how teachers teach, and the environment in which students learn.
Attention getter: Did you know that attending or working at a green school can lead students and teachers to have less health problems? Did you know that allowing more daylight into school buildings increases academic performance and can lessen attention and concentration challenges? Well, the research I will cite in my speech supports both of these claims, and these are just two of the many reasons why more schools, both grade schools and colleges, are going green.
Credibility and relevance: Because of my own desire to go into the field of education, I decided to research how schools are going green in the United States. Additionally, younger people in our lives, whether they be future children or younger siblings or relatives, will likely be affected by this continuing trend. A article by Ash in Education Week notes that the pathway to creating a greener school is flexible based on the community and its needs.
Much of the efforts to green schools have focused on K—12 schools and districts, but what makes a school green? The Center for Green Schools also presents case studies that show how green school buildings also create healthier learning environments.
Transition: As you can see, K—12 schools are becoming greener; college campuses are also starting to go green. Examples from the University of Denver and Eastern Illinois University show some of the potential for greener campuses around the country. Transition: All these efforts to go green in K—12 schools and on college campuses will obviously affect students and teachers at the schools. Transition to conclusion and summary of importance: In summary, the going-green era has impacted every aspect of education in our school systems.
Review of main points: From K—12 schools to college campuses like ours, to the students and teachers in the schools, the green movement is changing the way we think about education and our environment. Ash, K. Education Week , 30 32 , Calder, W.
Go green, save green. Independent School , 68 4 , 90— The Center for Green Schools. K— How. Eastern Illinois University.
Renewable Energy Center. Kats, G. A Capital E Report. Strife, S. Reflecting on environmental education: Where is our place in the green movement? Journal of Environmental Education , 41 3 , — Sturm College of Law. About DU law: Building green. About us. US Green Building Council. The four primary methods of informing are through definition, description, demonstration, or explanation.
Persuasive speaking seeks to influence the beliefs, attitudes, values, or behaviors of audience members. In order to persuade, a speaker has to construct arguments that appeal to audience members. Arguments form around three components: claim, evidence, and warrant. The claim A persuasive statement that will be supported by evidence. Your thesis statement is the overarching claim for your speech, but you will make other claims within the speech to support the larger thesis.
Evidence Material presented to support the claim. The main points of your persuasive speech and the supporting material you include serve as evidence. One warrant for the claim and evidence cited in this example is that the US Department of Transportation is an institution that funds research conducted by credible experts. The quality of your evidence often impacts the strength of your warrant, and some warrants are stronger than others. In general, the anecdotal evidence from personal experience would be given a weaker warrant than the evidence from the national research report.
The same process works in our legal system when a judge evaluates the connection between a claim and evidence. Fingerprint evidence from the steering wheel that has been matched with a suspect is much more likely to warrant arrest. As you put together a persuasive argument, you act as the judge. You can evaluate arguments that you come across in your research by analyzing the connection the warrant between the claim and the evidence.
If the warrant is strong, you may want to highlight that argument in your speech. You may also be able to point out a weak warrant in an argument that goes against your position, which you could then include in your speech.
Every argument starts by putting together a claim and evidence, but arguments grow to include many interrelated units. As with any speech, topic selection is important and is influenced by many factors. Good persuasive speech topics are current, controversial, and have important implications for society.
Giving the same speech would have been much more timely in the s when there was a huge movement to increase seat-belt use. Many topics that are current are also controversial, which is what gets them attention by the media and citizens. Current and controversial topics will be more engaging for your audience. However, arguing that the restrictions on blood donation by men who have had sexual relations with men be lifted would be controversial. I must caution here that controversial is not the same as inflammatory.
An inflammatory topic is one that evokes strong reactions from an audience for the sake of provoking a reaction. Being provocative for no good reason or choosing a topic that is extremist will damage your credibility and prevent you from achieving your speech goals. You should also choose a topic that is important to you and to society as a whole.
As we have already discussed in this book, our voices are powerful, as it is through communication that we participate and make change in society. Therefore we should take seriously opportunities to use our voices to speak publicly. Choosing a speech topic that has implications for society is probably a better application of your public speaking skills than choosing to persuade the audience that Lebron James is the best basketball player in the world or that Superman is a better hero than Spiderman.
Remember that speakers have ethical obligations to the audience and should take the opportunity to speak seriously. You will also want to choose a topic that connects to your own interests and passions.
If you are an education major, it might make more sense to do a persuasive speech about funding for public education than the death penalty. If there are hot-button issues for you that make you get fired up and veins bulge out in your neck, then it may be a good idea to avoid those when speaking in an academic or professional context.
Choosing such topics may interfere with your ability to deliver a speech in a competent and ethical manner. Most people tune out speakers they perceive to be too ideologically entrenched and write them off as extremists or zealots.
You also want to ensure that your topic is actually persuasive. Also, think of your main points as reasons to support your thesis. Identifying arguments that counter your thesis is also a good exercise to help ensure your topic is persuasive.
If you can clearly and easily identify a competing thesis statement and supporting reasons, then your topic and approach are arguable.
Competent speakers should consider their audience throughout the speech-making process. Given that persuasive messages seek to directly influence the audience in some way, audience adaptation becomes even more important.
If possible, poll your audience to find out their orientation toward your thesis. It is unlikely that you will have a homogenous audience, meaning that there will probably be some who agree, some who disagree, and some who are neutral. So you may employ all of the following strategies, in varying degrees, in your persuasive speech. When you have audience members who already agree with your proposition, you should focus on intensifying their agreement.
You can also assume that they have foundational background knowledge of the topic, which means you can take the time to inform them about lesser-known aspects of a topic or cause to further reinforce their agreement. Rather than move these audience members from disagreement to agreement, you can focus on moving them from agreement to action.
There are two main reasons audience members may be neutral in regards to your topic: 1 they are uninformed about the topic or 2 they do not think the topic affects them. In this case, you should focus on instilling a concern for the topic. Uninformed audiences may need background information before they can decide if they agree or disagree with your proposition.
Remember that concrete and proxemic supporting materials will help an audience find relevance in a topic. Students who pick narrow or unfamiliar topics will have to work harder to persuade their audience, but neutral audiences often provide the most chance of achieving your speech goal since even a small change may move them into agreement. When audience members disagree with your proposition, you should focus on changing their minds. To effectively persuade, you must be seen as a credible speaker.
When facing a disagreeable audience, the goal should also be small change. Aside from establishing your credibility, you should also establish common ground with an audience. Build common ground with disagreeable audiences and acknowledge areas of disagreement.
Acknowledging areas of disagreement and logically refuting counterarguments in your speech is also a way to approach persuading an audience in disagreement, as it shows that you are open-minded enough to engage with other perspectives. The proposition of your speech is the overall direction of the content and how that relates to the speech goal.
A persuasive speech will fall primarily into one of three categories: propositions of fact, value, or policy. A speech may have elements of any of the three propositions, but you can usually determine the overall proposition of a speech from the specific purpose and thesis statements. Since most persuasive speech topics can be approached as propositions of fact, value, or policy, it is a good idea to start thinking about what kind of proposition you want to make, as it will influence how you go about your research and writing.
As you can see in the following example using the topic of global warming, the type of proposition changes the types of supporting materials you would need:. To support propositions of fact, you would want to present a logical argument based on objective facts that can then be used to build persuasive arguments. Persuasive speeches about policy usually require you to research existing and previous laws or procedures and determine if any relevant legislation or propositions are currently being considered.
The traditional view of rhetoric that started in ancient Greece and still informs much of our views on persuasion today has been critiqued for containing Western and masculine biases. Traditional persuasion has been linked to Western and masculine values of domination, competition, and change, which have been critiqued as coercive and violent. Sally M. In the latter instance, using examples from history may bolster that argument. As noted above, all persuasive speeches will be informational in nature, but not all informational speeches may be persuasive.
Fully understanding the informational or persuasive purpose of the speech will help the speaker determine what rhetorical strategies to use in the pursuit of achieving his or her goal. If the purpose is simply to provide information, then the speech will likely rely less on pathos and more on evidence, statistical data, or charts and graphs.
If the purpose is have the audience believe or feel a certain way about the subject, then the speaker will tailor the evidence and specific data with appeals to emotion to lead the audience to the desired point of view.
When writing a speech, take into account the intended audience that will be addressed; never underestimate the importance of knowing the audience.
Some audiences will respond to certain appeals to emotion, while others might be turned off to the speaker if he or she makes what is seen as an inappropriate appeal to emotion. Therefore, always consider the specifics of your audience—age, occupation, beliefs, motivations—and then use these specifics to inform the form and content of the speech. The State of the Union is a good example of a speech that contains elements of informative and persuasive speeches.
In the State of the Union, the President of the United States is supposed to inform the members of Congress on the state of the union. Therefore, it commonly contains specific information for example, the number of jobs created in a certain time period. The President will spin data and use emotional appeals to make his or her case to the American people.
This specific speech makes it clear that a speech can combine the features of informative and persuasive speeches. Some special occasions require speeches that are different than speeches aimed at informing or persuading audiences. As the name implies, special occasion speeches are speeches that are given on special occasions. There are many examples of special occasions where it might be appropriate to deliver a speech. For example, an individual might give a speech at a wake or memorial for an audience of friends and families who knew the person being memorialized.
Clearly this speech will be very different than a toast given at a wedding, which is also an example of a special occasion speech and which will have a much more celebratory tone.
A commencement ceremony or award ceremony are some other special occasions during which someone may give a speech. Special occasion speeches are usually shorter than informative or persuasive speeches. Special occasion speeches are usually less than ten minutes long, which demonstrates that their purpose is different than other types of speeches delivered at a conference or political rally.
Depending on the context, the purpose of a special occasion speech may be to remember, to praise or to humorously tease. They may contain a use of pathos that aims to convince the audience to be happy, possibly by being comedic. However, they may use a pathos intended to make the audience reflective, as in a speech given at a memorial service.
Special occasion speeches might inform the audience. Give you some examples of abstract? What is informative buying?
Give two possible functions of the sinuses? Speech on give love and get love? Give the different kind of figure of speech? What does it mean to give out a usual speech?
Give speech on topic give me a good mother i will give you good mother? What was Patrick Henry's famous speech? The speech Rosa Parks gave? What is the purpose of informative text? Can you give speech in key of responsibility especially in js prom? What part of speech is to give? Study Guides. Trending Questions. What is the fourth element of the periodic table of elements? What is a song that everyone likes but won't admit it?
The forces of attraction between two objects varies with what two factors? Still have questions? Find more answers. Previously Viewed. Unanswered Questions. Here are a few ways to narrow the purpose:. There are many ways to approach any of these and other topics, but again, you must emphasize an important dimension of the event. Otherwise, you run the risk of producing a time line in which the main point gets lost. In a speech about an event, you may use a chronological order Time order; the order in which events take place.
The following is an example:. Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about the purpose of the Iditarod dogsled race. Central Idea: The annual Iditarod commemorates the heroism of Balto, the sled dog that led a dog team carrying medicine miles to save Nome from an outbreak of diphtheria.
Main Points:. In this example, you must explain the event. However, another way to approach the same event would describe it. By now you can see that there are various ways to approach a topic while avoiding an uninspiring time line. In the example of the Iditarod race, you could alternatively frame it as an Alaskan tourism topic, or you could emphasize the enormous staff involved in first aid, search and rescue, dog care, trail maintenance, event coordination, financial management, and registration.
Concepts are abstract ideas that exist independent of whether they are observed or practiced, such as the example of social equality that follows. Concepts can include hypotheses and theories. Here are a few examples of specific purposes developed from the examples:. Here is one possible example of a way to develop one of these topics:.
Specific Purpose: To explain why people in all cultures are ethnocentric. Central Idea: There are benefits to being ethnocentric. In an example of a concept about which people disagree, you must represent multiple and conflicting views as fully and fairly as possible.
For instance:. Specific Purpose: To expose the audience to three different views of the American Dream. Central Idea: The American Dream is a shared dream, an impossible dream, or a dangerous dream, depending on the perspective of the individual.
If your speech topic is a process, your goal should be to help your audience understand it, or be able to perform it. In either instance, processes involve a predictable series of changes, phases, or steps.
For some topics, you will need presentation aids in order to make your meaning clear to your listeners. For instance, if your topic is evaluating consumer credit, instead of just describing a comparison between two different interest rates applied to the same original amount of debt, it would be helpful to show a graph of the difference.
This might also be the sort of topic that would strongly serve the needs of your audience before they find themselves in trouble. Since this will be an informative speech, you must resist the impulse to tell your listeners that one form of borrowing is good and another is bad; you must simply show them the difference in numbers.
They can reach their own conclusions. Organizing your facts is crucially important when discussing a process. Every stage of a process must be clear and understandable. For example, as plaque is accumulating in the brain, the patient is likely to begin exhibiting various symptoms.
Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about how to build an academic portfolio. Central Idea: A portfolio represents you and emphasizes your best skills. In a speech about the process of building a portfolio, there will be many smaller steps to include within each of the main points. For instance, creating separate sections of the portfolio for different types of creative activities, writing a table of contents, labeling and dating your samples, making your samples look attractive and professional, and other steps should be inserted where it makes the most sense, in the most organized places, in order to give your audience the most coherent understanding possible.
For instance, the eruption of Mt. If you approach the eruption as an event, most of the information you include will focus on human responses and the consequences on humans and the landscape. If you approach the eruption as a process, you will be using visual aids and explanations to describe geological changes before and during the eruption.
You might also approach this topic from the viewpoint of a person whose life was affected by the eruption. This should remind you that there are many ways to approach most topics, and because of that, your narrowing choices and your purpose will be the important foundation determining the structure of your informative speech.
One issue to consider when preparing an informative speech is how best to present the information to enhance audience learning. Katherine Rowan suggests focusing on areas where your audience may experience confusion and using the likely sources of confusion as a guide for developing the content of your speech.
Rowan identifies three sources of audience confusion: difficult concepts or language, difficult-to-envision structures or processes, and ideas that are difficult to understand because they are hard to believe. Rowan, K. A new pedagogy for explanatory public speaking: Why arrangement should not substitute for invention. Communication Education, 44 , — The following subsections will discuss each of these and will provide strategies for dealing with each of these sources of confusion. Sometimes audiences may have difficulty understanding information because of the concepts or language used.
If an audience is likely to experience confusion over a basic concept or term, Rowan suggests using an elucidating explanation composed of four parts. The purpose of such an explanation is to clarify the meaning and use of the concept by focusing on essential features of the concept.
The first part of an elucidating explanation is to provide a typical exemplar, or example that includes all the central features of the concept.
If you are talking about what is fruit, an apple or orange would be a typical exemplar. The second step Rowan suggests is to follow up the typical exemplar with a definition.
Fruits might be defined as edible plant structures that contain the seeds of the plant. After providing a definition, you can move on to the third part of the elucidating explanation: providing a variety of examples and nonexamples. Here is where you might include less typical examples of fruit, such as avocados, squash, or tomatoes, and foods, such as rhubarb, which is often treated as a fruit but is not by definition.
Fourth, Rowan suggests concluding by having the audience practice distinguishing examples from nonexamples. In this way, the audience leaves the speech with a clear understanding of the concept. A second source of audience difficulty in understanding, according to Rowan, is a process or structure that is complex and difficult to envision. The blood circulation system in the body might be an example of a difficult-to-envision process.
To address this type of audience confusion, Rowan suggests a quasi-scientific explanation, which starts by giving a big-picture perspective on the process. Presentation aids or analogies might be helpful in giving an overview of the process. For the circulatory system, you could show a video or diagram of the entire system or make an analogy to a pump. Then you can move to explaining relationships among the components of the process. This often happens when people have implicit, but erroneous, theories about how the world works.
In such a case, Rowan suggests using a transformative explanation. Then you move to showing how the implicit theory is limited and conclude by presenting the accepted explanation and why that explanation is better. In the case of scientists disproving theories, you might start by talking about what science has proven e. Honesty and credibility must undergird your presentation; otherwise, they betray the trust of your listeners. Therefore, if you choose a topic that turns out to be too difficult, you must decide what will serve the needs and interests of the audience.
Shortcuts and oversimplifications are not the answer. Being ethical often involves a surprising amount of work. In the case of choosing too ambitious a topic, you have some choices:.
Your goal is to serve the interests and needs of your audience, whoever they are and whether you believe they already know something about your topic. Imagine that you have somehow learned a way of bypassing a security system located in many banks. The information you have addresses not only access to the bank itself but also the computers used in the storage of information and the transmission of funds. You are certain that you understand the process well enough to successfully do it.
Can you use this as your topic for an informative speech? Explain your answer fully. You intend to describe the long wait, the need for an insurance card, and the many personal details that the patient must give orally to the emergency department receptionist, who sits on the other side of a glass barrier typing the information into a computer.
For your introduction, you have created a vivid picture of an emergency room scenario, and you want it to be realistic.
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